Earth’s Changing Oceans. Physical Oceanographer Nathan Bindoff

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What's your PI.

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Professor Nathan Bindoff and his background in physical

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oceanography is so extensive.

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There is no way I can cover his massive research studies,

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but we can narrow it down.

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Well, Nathan is a professor of physical oceanography at the

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university of Tasmania's Institute for Marine and Antarctic studies.

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And my gosh, he was the coordinating lead author on the ocean's chapter in the

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fourth intergovernmental panel on climate change in 2007, in which he was awarded

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a certificate for his own contribution of Al Gore winning the Nobel peace prize.

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That is just so amazing.

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And then again, in 2014, he took a lead in the fifth assessment

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climate change report.

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Well professor Bindoff and his colleagues documented some of the

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first evidence of the high melt rates of the Antarctic ice sheet.

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His most recent work is on documenting the decline in oxygen content of the

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oceans and dynamics of the Southern ocean.

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When he's not on a boat doing research, he tries to be on his own boat that he built

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from wood, a hobby that he so much enjoys.

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And now he is here to talk about all of this and what the

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future holds for our planet.

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Professor Nathan Bindoff . Thank you so much for coming on the show to

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share your amazing positive imprints.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:02:50

Thank you, Catherine.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:02:51

That's a lovely introduction.

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This is so incredible to finally meet you after reading so many

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articles and reading your research and hearing about you from other researchers.

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There's so much to talk about and I'm going to kind of let you guide as to

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what research you want to chat about.

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Professor Bindoff explains who he is and how he came to be part of the

Catherine: 00:03:15

intergovernmental panel on climate change.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:03:18

Oh, Nathan's a a practical, pragmatic

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:03:23

sort of guy that likes to, actually I, I often, draw parallels to, uh, parboil

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:03:31

detective stories where, you know, the, the, the lone detective is out there.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:03:38

Well, private eye is out there and he's taking the clues and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:03:42

kind of discovering something.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:03:43

And, and that's kind of how I feel about science

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:03:46

actually.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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You know, you, you look at observations, you discover things, you compare them,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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you get evidence and you build a story.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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And it's just like that parboiled detective guy, that those parboil

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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detective stories where you figure out what's going on and then you

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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write it up and turn it into a paper.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:04:07

And the pragmatic part of me is the part that likes to, turn this sort

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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of discoveries in science, into things that are important and relevant to

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:04:18

people who think about the environment.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:04:22

So you know, the participation in IPCC, for instance, Was sort of a

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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fluke, a wonderful fluke, by the way.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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I was in the corridor one day and one of my ex supervisors came by and he said, oh,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:04:41

you should, you should nominate for IPCC.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:04:45

And that's all he said.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:04:46

And that night I went away, uh, put in a nomination and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:04:52

that began my career in IPCC.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:04:54

I was invited to be a coordinating lead author in that fourth assessment

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:04:59

report, which was the one that actually led to a moment in history where

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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the rejection of climate change had been very strong through 2005, 2006.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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And then suddenly the stern report came out and that talked about the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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economic consequences of climate change.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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And Al Gore had his movie on the inconvenient truth.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:05:25

And then finally this fourth assessment came out and in 2000 and late 2007,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:05:33

2008, we had a change in our narrative around, uh, the acceptance of

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:05:39

climate change and the need to act.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:05:42

And it was a terrific moment.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:05:44

And then it was sort of topped off by IPCC winning with Al

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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Gore, the, Nobel peace prize.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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And, and, and I actually liked the fact that it's not, it's not a, a

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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prize for scientific excellence.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:06:01

It's not a prize for intellectual endeavor.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:06:04

Actually, it's a prize for creating an opportunity if you like for peace.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:06:11

So you can see, I, I like the observations, I like the detail,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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like a narrative, and then actually, if it does good, if it does good,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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then that makes me very happy.

Catherine: 00:06:23

We talked about some of his quotes and I brought up this one.

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"When I commenced my career, the question of whether the ocean state

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had changed was completely open.

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It was a voyage of discovery."

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Well, professor Bindoff has been on this voyage of discovery, bringing back his

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research to share with the IPCC., the intergovernmental panel on climate change.

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And I asked professor Bindoff about the history of the IPCC

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and the state of the ocean.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:06:55

So let's, let's talk IPCC for a moment.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:06:58

IPCC was a, a vision and that vision was an understanding that the changing

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:07:07

composition of the atmosphere.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:07:09

So this was for measurements of atmospheric CO2.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:07:13

The changing composition of the atmosphere was going to influence the planet.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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At that moment there was a decision and it was in the time of, Margaret

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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Thatcher and Ronald Reagan.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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A decision was made to create a panel.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:07:31

And that panel was a joint effort between United nations environment program and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:07:38

the world meteorological organization.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:07:42

And what happened was that that panel was created very perceptively it excluded

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:07:48

it's not quite true, but it is basically excluded non-governmental organizations.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:07:53

So they made it a report to governments.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:07:57

And because it's a United Nations process, that process demands that every country

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:08:07

has a, what they call a focal point.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:08:10

And that focal point in each country is the avenue by

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:08:15

which the IPCC reports, , and.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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Development and their commissioning is, created within each of

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

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the countries that participate.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:08:27

United Nations is 195 countries and almost all participate in the IPCC process.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:08:35

So this process immediately meant that, every report is well understood.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:08:43

at some levels of governments.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:08:45

That's unusual relative to other kinds of reports.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:08:49

There's a similar report around, , chlorofluorocarbons,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:08:52

in the upper atmosphere.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:08:54

And there's a similar process there.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:08:57

So that's basically the process around, but, , the IPCC, it

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:09:03

was created in 1992, I think.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:09:08

And it came from the inspiration of Bert Bolin.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:09:12

Bert Bolin was a, Swedish, atmospherics, scientist, famous actually.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:09:18

And it was him plus a couple of others.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:09:21

And the first report was quite very, very thin.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:09:24

Actually, it didn't even say that humans were influencing climate, but

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:09:31

curiously, that report was enough to create the United Nations Framework

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:09:37

Convention on Climate Change.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:09:39

And that's the body that runs the conference of parties every year, which

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Speaker: 00:09:45

negotiates, , the processes around emissions and hopefully emissions

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:09:50

reductions, as we go into the future.

Catherine: 00:09:52

You've given a wonderful explanation on the IPCC.

Catherine: 00:09:55

And I appreciate that because I was unaware of some of the history,

Catherine: 00:10:01

and I was definitely unaware in how much of the partaking you have

Catherine: 00:10:06

had in this historical and most important piece that is going to take

Catherine: 00:10:11

us and is taking us into the future

Catherine: 00:10:13

with regard to legislation and changes in lifestyle.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:10:17

Yeah.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:10:19

So IPCC evolves actually.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:10:22

And in the first report, there was no mention of the oceans and in

Catherine: 00:10:26

oh, there was no mention of oceans.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:10:28

Correct.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:10:29

And then the second assessment, there was, uh, no mention really either.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:10:34

And then in the third assessment, they talked about sea-level and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:10:39

then in the fourth assessment, they actually introduced an oceans chapter.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:10:44

And, and the reason an oceans chapter was introduced was because there

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:10:50

had been a bit of a revolution going on in the oceanography community.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:10:55

It goes to the first question you asked.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:10:58

The oceans were considered to be static, unchanging.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:11:01

They had so much, , inertia that they were basically unable to change.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:11:09

They were kind of a fixed fly wheel.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:11:12

If you like, circulating the global ocean.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:11:16

And then increasingly oceanographers and atmospheric scientists have

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:11:21

understood that there was El Nino.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:11:23

Then we came to understand actually the deep ocean was changing subtly as well.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:11:29

And we found that, that there was on starting to appear on global scales.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:11:35

So what really happened was that we understood that the oceans too were

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:11:42

responding, that they weren't static and that they were changing and that

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:11:49

knowledge and the amount of literature that was starting to accumulate at

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:11:54

that time allowed for the introduction of this chapter around oceans.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:00

It's the building of the momentum around the science.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:04

It was a increased realization that the oceans were important that

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:09

they were changing and evolving.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:11

And, at that time, we believe that the ocean, uh, sea level change was through

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:18

primarily through, thermal expansion.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:20

So that's where you warm up the ocean and it expands.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:24

And that's the biggest contributor to the rising sea levels.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:29

That's actually changing again, so that rising sea levels, are now

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:35

dominated by the melt of the ice caps, both Antarctica, Greenland, and, the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:43

glaciers mountain glaciers as well.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:46

So the heating of the oceans, isn't the biggest component to

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:51

the rising sea level anymore.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:53

So that's a new level of knowledge that we've actually got.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:56

So this is part of this voyage of discovery where we're actually learning

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:12:59

more progressively more about the earth's system in response to climate change

Catherine: 00:13:07

One of Nathan's earliest discoveries was that of the planet's

Catherine: 00:13:10

melting Antarctic ice shelves.

Catherine: 00:13:12

He and his colleagues made measurements, studied the data and concluded

Catherine: 00:13:17

something absolutely extraordinary.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:13:21

With colleagues.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:13:22

Um, so I wrote some early papers around, the melt of , the Amery ice shelf.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:13:28

In fact, I remember a conversation.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:13:30

I said, oh, 50% of this.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:13:32

ice shelf is melting, from the ocean, from the underside.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:13:36

It's a paper that's buried in the past, the glaciologists

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:13:40

telling me that was impossible.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:13:41

Well, actually what's happened is this has become a prime research, , activity

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:13:47

here in Hobart and elsewhere in the world.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:13:50

It was the capacity for those ice sheets to have a huge, huge impact

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:13:57

on rising sea level, is enormous.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:01

I've used a lot of superlatives there, but it's true.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:04

There were some papers just recently, which some people are backing away from

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:09

a little bit, but they were predicting 16 meters of sea projecting, 16 meters of

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:15

sea level from Antarctica alone by 2500.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:21

So think about 16 meters of sea level.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:24

That's enormous.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:25

These estimates, are reducing, , but they're still very large.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:29

Just recently in the report that we did on oceans and cryosphere and a

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:34

changing climate, the governments' insisted on showing the sea level

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:39

rise projections out to 2300.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:43

So for a lot of people, 2300 is a long way away, we don't care,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:47

but the sea level projections were showing, at the upper range, five

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:51

meters of future sea level rise by 2300.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:14:56

Now, just to give a context, I think if it's eight meters, we can

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:02

row in our boat to the footstep of, Capitol hill and step out.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:08

Of course, in the case of the Thames parliament, uh, we

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:13

could step through the windows.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:16

Uh, uh, you know, uh, most of Florida has disappeared, south Australia.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:22

I think if it goes to eight meters, we can have a ocean in the middle of Australia.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:28

So, so, you know, these are very significant, profound,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:33

possibilities for, , future, sea level in an unmitigated world.

Catherine: 00:15:40

that's key.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:42

that's the key.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:43

And so, so it hasn't happened of course.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:45

Um, it's, it's something that humans could, materially alter

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:51

by making certain decisions.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:54

So it's sort of a value judgment.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:15:55

We can have this hotter, higher sea level world if we choose, or we can actually

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:02

step back, we mitigate emissions and not have that hotter higher sea level world.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:10

And there are some distinct benefits,, I think that's my value judgment, if we

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:16

were to reduce our emissions to zero.,

Catherine: 00:16:18

oh, I think it is a decision that we do need.

Catherine: 00:16:22

But there are people who won't change until it's legislated

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:26

So some of the language we might use, we

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:29

scientists might use is that we society needs a license to, reduce emissions.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:36

Society has the license to omit them.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:39

Yeah.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:39

Right.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:41

We now need a license to reduce them to zero.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:45

And, uh, that is actually something that no individual can accomplish.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:51

Right.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:52

So, so therefore means that, no individual country can

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:16:59

actually accomplish it alone.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:01

So it does require a genuine collaboration of all the nations to actually agree,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:07

and then follow a pathway to reduced emissions, , to kind of avoid the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:14

worst outcomes of climate change.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:17

Some people may not realize, but we've already committed to

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:20

quite a bit of climate change.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:22

We've already come one degree of warming since the instrumental

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:27

record began say in the 1850s.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:30

Now one degree of global warming means that actually over Australia,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:34

it's 1.4 times that, over the, Arctic it's, uh, even more and over

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:41

the tropics, it's actually less.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:43

It's a global average.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:45

Some areas will have larger temperature changes than others.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:50

We've already committed to that.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:52

We can already see that, the water cycle over the planet has been altered.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:17:58

We can already see that Greenland and Antarctica are losing increased mass.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:03

That's something that's become very obvious in the last 20 years

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:08

on this voyage of discovery.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:10

These things mean that we've already committed to those changes.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:15

If we switched off our missions tomorrow, right which is, would

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:20

be an extraordinary thing.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:21

We would still warm up by another 0.3 to 0.4 degrees.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:26

if we want to avoid 0.5, we'd have very little time left

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:30

actually, if you think about it.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:32

Cause if we've committed to a further 0.3 degrees, we've come 0.1.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:36

We've only got 0.2 of headroom.

Catherine: 00:18:39

yes.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:40

so say you can see that it's now

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:42

becoming a very urgent problem if you want to minimize the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:49

consequences of climate change..

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:52

One of the things that became obvious was that the, interaction between the ocean

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:18:59

and the ice sheet was quite significant.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:03

And so we actually did a wintertime voyage.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:06

We went to Antarctica in July.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:10

So that's our Southern hemisphere winter.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:13

We were there against the continent in a, , ice breaker and making measurements

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:19

right in front of the, of a, um, it's not, not the biggest glacier.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:25

Uh, they'd called the Mertz glacier.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:28

It's actually that place has now broken off, but it was a source of

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:34

very dense what we call Antarctic bottom water, very dense waters, some

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:40

of the densest waters in the world.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:42

And because they're dense, they'll actually flow down the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:45

continental slope so they'll start off on the continental shelf

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:49

they'll fly down the continental slope and then they end in the abyss and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:19:54

they actually drive a circulation that we call the overturning circulation.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:20:02

And this overturning circulation is an important component of the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:20:07

global thermohaline circulation or the global thermite.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:20:11

Global thermohaline circulation in the world.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:20:14

It's a driver of the deep ocean circulation.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:20:20

And as a consequence, we were there exactly to study that flow.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:20:29

Now I've talked about the deepest ocean that right there in front of the glacier,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:20:34

you also see and toughen the case, very fresh waters that reflect the melt of

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:20:41

the bottom of the, glaciers themselves.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:20:44

And so we estimated that melt rate and we came to understand how much was being,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:20:50

lost by the ice sheet there in winter.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:20:53

What's new and more important to the story of climate change is we've realized

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:20:59

that these glaciers are thinning..

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:03

And so they're losing, they're not in equilibrium.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:06

If they're an equilibrium sea level would be unchanged, but

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:10

actually they're thinning.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:11

And so sea level is actually going up as a consequence and the ice sheet itself

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:17

on average is actually losing mass.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:20

So it's transferring mass that, in the Antarctic ice sheet itself into the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:26

oceans and causing sea level to go up.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:31

And that voyage was the first ever against the Antarctic continent in winter.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:37

That was 1998.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:39

That voyage, was actually on the relatively newly commissioned

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:43

Aurora Australis so that was the Australian icebreaker.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:48

That ship has now come to end of life.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:51

And it's about to be replaced.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:53

There'll be a new Australian ice breaker that will replace the Aurora Australis.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:21:58

It was both a science ship and also a resupply, ship.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:04

And the moment that we actually got that, icebreaker, the Australian Antarcitc

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:11

research took a quantum step upwards.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:14

That vessel gave Australia new capabilities that it

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:18

didn't have prior to 1992.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:22

, it's interesting.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:23

I.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:25

I was sort of, um, a little bit hesitant.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:28

I have to say, there you go.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:29

I was a little bit hesitant about going to, , Antarctica working at sea.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:36

I've spent more than two years at sea now, uh, in my career.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:40

Right?

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:41

So I've got over the hesitancy, but, the first trip I was, it was

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:47

actually a particularly rough trip.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:49

I remember kind of feeling only 80,, 90%, 90% of the time.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:22:56

Uh, and, uh, that was, that was a tough voyage actually.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:00

And, and, you know, shaped my life.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:05

Sea-going life is actually a very pleasant once you get into the rhythm

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:10

of it, it's a very simple life.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:13

And in the case of, research in Antarctica itself, you

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:17

get the most fantastic views.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:19

You know, you're privileged in a way you, you see these ice sheets, um, they're,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:26

they're cliffs right there in front of the ocean and they're brilliantly white.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:33

And then, , the green of the green to sort of clear blue of the ocean and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:40

the contrast in color is, , striking.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:44

And then sometimes you see these ice sheets, they have icebergs and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:48

they're flat tabular kinds of icebergs.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:52

Icebergs

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:54

always flattened tabula, typically in the Antarctic, quite unlike the icebergs

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:23:59

in the, from the Greenland ice sheet.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:24:02

And, but often you see surf on the have wave cup platforms on them and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:24:06

you can see surf there and people,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:24:09

oh, that's cool.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:24:10

and some people have actually surfed them.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:24:12

So, so there are these very beautiful, there's this, sea

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:24:17

life, some extraordinary sea life.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:24:20

The thing that's grabbed me the most actually, and what allows

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:24:23

me to keep on going back is the science that's associated with it.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:24:30

The science in the end is the driver of this activity and, and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:24:36

the, the, joy of seeing it all is kind of a peripheral thing.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:24:41

Hate, hate to say it that way, but actually that's what,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:24:44

makes it for repeat trips.

Catherine: 00:24:46

well, it certainly shows your dedication to not just the work

Catherine: 00:24:50

that you're enjoying doing, but to the future of decision-making of our planet

Catherine: 00:24:57

and populations that live on our planet.

Catherine: 00:25:00

I think that's a huge responsibility for scientists to undertake when you know,

Catherine: 00:25:05

very well that when you are doing this research and you're coming back with

Catherine: 00:25:11

the statistics and the projections, and if we keep going the way we're going

Catherine: 00:25:16

and things don't get changed, if you lose populations, animal populations,

Catherine: 00:25:20

that's a, that's a heavy emotional burden.

Catherine: 00:25:23

I think

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:25:23

You're quite right that, but I'm not

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:25:25

actually frustrated, by the world.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:25:29

I feel personally that I've actually done the work, I've made, made with the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:25:36

measurements, we've reported the science I've worked with IPCC with literally,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:25:42

you know, uh, 200 to 300 scientists with the similar kind of thinking.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:25:48

We've put these assessments together with, literally seven to 10,000

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:25:53

different papers, we've assessed it.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:25:56

We've written the reports.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:25:58

They're being communicated to government.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:00

We have actually done our job.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:03

And, and, and in that sense, , I'm not frustrated because I can see that actually

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:10

to make the decision and for society to agree to act on it is a big thing too.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:18

And we're in that process.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:20

So my task is really to continue to do that job, to communicate

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:26

what's going on, how things are changing, why it might be urgent.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:32

Um, what are the consequences?

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:35

Cause that's, that's the projections part.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:37

You know, we can look a bit into the future.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:39

If we continue on this path, this is what it will mean.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:43

And, and if we continue to do that, then hopefully the rest of society can find

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:51

the solutions that allows to transform to the new world where we don't have

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:26:59

emissions going into the atmosphere.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:01

We limit the amount of damage caused by climate change.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:05

And, we address the other problems that we need to solve.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:09

And that's a deeply society related question.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:14

I think scientists have done a terrific job in communicating it.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:17

It's deeply political to get to perhaps, uh, where we might like

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:22

to be, but we're in this moment where we're trying to get there.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:27

That's why we have these institutions like IPCC, United Nations, the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:32

World Meteorological Organization, the United Nations Framework

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:36

Convention on Climate Change.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:38

It's why they have a meeting every year, every year, the ministers and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:43

bureaucrats of every country actually go and discuss how to make the decisions.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:49

They may not succeed, but they actually do do it, every year.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:53

So ya, there's a considerable effort going into the process and hopefully we'll turn

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:27:58

the corner and, uh, really have action.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:01

We have had action in the past and that's why I'm not, uh, pessimistic.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:05

I think it is a solvable problem.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:08

There was a report just released that describes the fact that, you know, with a

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:13

concerted effort, we could actually limit global warming to one and a half degrees.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:18

We could actually do it.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:21

And there are pathways to get there.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:24

Scientifically, there are pathways to get there and then sociologically

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:28

and decision-making, let's see if we can get to those parts.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:34

So, so you can see I've stepped back from being frustrated

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:28:38

sure.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:28:38

Sure.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:39

because I feel like we've,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:41

I've done as much as we can.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:43

Scientists have done as much as they can.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:28:45

And,

Catherine: 00:28:46

you've great at what you are doing.

Catherine: 00:28:48

and it's inspiring.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:51

and so, well, thank you.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:53

And so the other half of it is can we as society, accept that, make the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:28:59

value decision and transform itself.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:03

And the nice thing I think is that, , 20 years ago, renewables may not have

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:08

been so cheap and you can see the huge increase in renewables in the landscape.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:13

And you can see many of the transformations of the energy business

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:17

that are going on, and you can see the pressure on the coal industry.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:22

So you can see that there are forces and pressures trying to

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:28

change the pathway that we were on.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:31

Emissions are still going up.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:32

We haven't turned the corner, but you can see that there's action.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:36

Not enough maybe.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:37

Maybe it's my worldview, but that narrative I gave was

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:42

one, of precisely about hope.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:44

It was about the hope that we could collaborate globally and actually

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:50

understand the innovations that we can embrace and change the course.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:29:57

And it does require the world to do it together.

Catherine: 00:30:01

Bindoff predicted the catastrophic fires that would occur.

Catherine: 00:30:05

Right now my own state of New Mexico is experiencing horrific fires, which are

Catherine: 00:30:10

the absolute worst in recorded history.

Catherine: 00:30:13

Well, professor Bindoff wrote papers years ago on this very subject.

Catherine: 00:30:17

He wrote.

Catherine: 00:30:18

"If the temperature rose and continues to rise

Catherine: 00:30:21

sea levels could rise by three to four meters and Greenland could disappear.

Catherine: 00:30:27

There would be at least a 20% increase in fire danger and catastrophic fire

Catherine: 00:30:33

events would be more likely to occur."

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:30:35

It's uh, the fire season has been

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:30:38

an extraordinary wake up call for, Australia and the wildfires in the USA

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:30:45

, had extraordinary impacts.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:30:48

The report that you referred to we wrote, basically pointed to the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:30:52

fact that these extreme conditions are going to occur more frequently.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:30:56

So we said twice as often, but they actually affect the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:30:59

bigger area, uh, as well.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:31:02

and then when you put those two together, they turn out to

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:31:06

be four times more workload.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:31:08

It's like a 20% per decade, increase.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:31:12

So these are nontrivial changes that are emerging because of that warming.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:31:18

And it's primarily because of the warming.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:31:20

There are other things that go into fire, but there's, that's primarily because

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:31:25

of the warming that goes, associated with increasing the fire danger.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:31:30

So, so yes, we did talk about that years ago and I'm off to meet the Premier today.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:31:35

And I'll probably mention it again.

Catherine: 00:31:40

Well, my goodness.

Catherine: 00:31:40

I would love to have an update on that meeting that professor

Catherine: 00:31:43

Bindoff had with the Premier.

Catherine: 00:31:45

Well today, professor Nathan Bindoff and his team are studying oxygen levels.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:31:50

Yeah.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:31:50

So, so oxygen, a lot of people, don't understand that the ocean is a very

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:31:59

small reservoir of oxygen, obviously critical for fish to live off and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:32:04

much of life, within the oceans.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:32:08

But it turns out that if you make measurements of the oxygen content

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:32:14

in the oceans, there are some areas where it's actually declining and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:32:21

this work that we're doing is actually about documenting those declines.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:32:26

And there are some particularly big declines in the equatorial

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:32:31

zone of the Pacific and also in the Indian and Atlantic oceans.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:32:38

And there are declines at high latitudes as well.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:32:42

These declines aren't so aren't so big that the fish can't, can't ac tually

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:32:48

still function but their declines are altering the distribution to some

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:32:54

extent of fish in the equatorial parts.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:32:58

It's just reflecting the fact that we're on this voyage of discovery,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:03

where the oceans are changing and oxygen is just another one

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:08

of those things that's changed.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:10

And, you know, it's, it's not talked about a lot about, it's actually a

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:16

thing that's going to have influence, particularly in the equatorial

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:22

zone, future equatorial zone.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:26

In the past records, the paleo oceanographic records we have, it's often

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:31

talked about, the, chain variations in oxygen in the global oceans.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:36

So geologists have understood that there are, uh, changes in

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:40

the oceans on long time scale.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:44

The difference here is that these changes that we're talking about

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:49

are connected to human activity.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:51

So it's, uh, human induced oxygen decline, in fact, in the United States,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:33:58

there have been some famous, uh, kills of crabs washed up on the Oregon coast.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:05

And these are connected to this, changing oxygen levels, in

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:10

the equatorial ocean actually.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:13

And at various times, those low oxygen zones catch up with the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:18

crabs, which are sitting out there on the continental shelf.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:22

They suddenly don't have enough oxygen.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:24

So they actually, asphyxiated, I suppose and then washed up, that

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:30

is an example of the growth of this oxygen minimum layer in that zone.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:35

So it is influencing, uh, Marine life and their distribution.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:41

It's a sort of a localized catastrophe for those animals.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:45

Tuna populations have tended to move a little bit in response

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:50

to these oxygen content changes.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:53

There are other kinds of effects on Marine wildlife.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:34:57

It's, it's always complex, but that's actually what's going on.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:35:01

And, uh, the project that I was that, that I was referring to there is

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:35:06

about understanding how that oxygen is actually changing the global oceans.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:35:13

And we have relatively few observations for it.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:35:16

So it's, it's a, um, it's not as detailed or accurate picture as we

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:35:21

might have for ocean temperatures

Catherine: 00:35:25

oh, but you'll get that

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:35:26

with a few more measurements.

Catherine: 00:35:27

right?

Catherine: 00:35:28

Yeah.

Catherine: 00:35:30

And the reason I had mentioned fisheries is because that

Catherine: 00:35:33

will be an economics question.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:35:37

Yeah.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:35:38

So, so this is, something we've detailed in our most recent IPCC report actually.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:35:45

There are three things going on if you like.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:35:48

The atmosphere's warming up..

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:35:51

The surface ocean warms up at a faster rate than the deeper ocean.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:35:57

And because the surface ocean is warming up at a faster rate,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:02

um, warmer water is lighter.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:05

And so, uh, the surface waters are becoming more buoyant

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:09

relative to the deeper waters.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:12

And now oxygen mostly gets into the deeper waters because there's a,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:17

what we call ventilation, literally, you know, uh, the exchange between

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:22

the atmosphere and the deep ocean.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:24

Um, and that process is inhibited or reduced or slowed by the warming

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:31

up of those surface waters, because it's actually physically harder

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:35

to take the surface water and move it into the deeper ocean.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:40

And.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:41

Because it's physically harder there's less oxygen being

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:44

moved into the deeper ocean.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:46

So when I say deeper below a hundred meters, and as a consequence of

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:52

biological activity in that depth range, the oxygen content is the oxygen is

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:36:57

consumed and it's, uh, becomes lower.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:37:01

So this decline in oxygen is really caused by surface ocean warming and,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:37:09

and a reduced rate of exchange between the atmosphere and the, and the deeper

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:37:14

ocean, below 100, 200, 300 meters.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:37:19

Um, and, and that's what we've been documenting.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:37:23

And we can attribute it to the human influence because we know that, in

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:37:28

following the scientific method, if you like, models that do not have

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:37:33

changing cO2 do not have warming of the surface ocean, um, will still have

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:37:40

the same equilibrium oxygen inside.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:37:43

But when you warm the ocean progressively from rising greenhouse gases, you

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:37:49

find that the pattern of oxygen change, agrees with what's observed

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:37:53

and you can formally attribute it to that rise in, , CO2 in the atmosphere.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:38:02

So the response looks like climate change, and that's why we say

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:38:08

it's to do with human activity.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:38:10

, so, so Catherine, I can talk quite a lot as you might have, uh, appreciated

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:38:16

but let me say, it's been a pleasure to chat, about these bigger picture

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:38:22

issues with a little bit of extra time versus a normal media event.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:38:29

It allows, I think a, um, kind of a nice, nice discourse about, the

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:38:35

problem that is confronting the earth..

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:38:39

I'm I'm very optimistic that we can actually solve these, this,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:38:44

this particular problem, because I can see the innovation that we

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:38:50

acquire, the technologies we require.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:38:53

I can see that there's a potential for the transformation transformations

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:38:58

that we acquire to occur.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:00

And so I'm actually hopeful that we can accelerate the progress and actually,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:07

minimize, minimize the, problem at hand.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:10

And, and of course I can then just go back to doing ordinary old oceanography.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:15

Don't have to, uh, work on these socially relevant problems,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:20

become the academic that I was.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:24

Um, you know, it's been very interesting and fascinating time

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:28

to be working in the oceans.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:30

The oceans, unlike meteorology, the oceans, Uh, 20 years behind

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:35

the meteorological community.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:37

And so I've actually entered this career into this career at a, at a kind of an

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:43

exciting moment where we've kind of become to understand much more about the oceans

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:49

and we've developed, tools and methods to explore and see, how it's changing and

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:39:57

how it's moving and how it's responding to, climate change, for instance.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:40:02

I've been a participant in these things, iPCC, I feel actually that, uh, if

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:40:08

there are any budding scientists out there, if you do it right, there can be

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:40:12

a very exciting and exhilarating career..

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:40:16

Oh, I, I agree.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:40:18

Thank you so much, Nathan.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:40:21

You are just so good in your field and you are a very well-spoken speaker.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:40:27

You're extremely inspiring and your positive imprints are certainly global

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:40:32

but your, your imprints are such a legacy because this research is for

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:40:39

yesterday, today and the future, and it's going to be obviously research needed.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:40:45

I commend you for taking on the role that you are taking, not just as

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:40:50

a scientist, but as a spokesperson

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:40:53

and I appreciate that.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:40:55

, I think that I want to end with letters to earth,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:40:59

Nathan, I'm going to

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:41:00

share my screen with you because this letter that you wrote to earth

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:41:05

is very inspiring and it just shows your optimism and everything that you

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 1):

Speaker: 00:41:11

believe in for the future of our earth.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:41:13

Um, thank you Catherine.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:41:16

From time to time.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:41:18

I do think about the future.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:41:20

My dream is that the picture we so frequently paint will be different.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:41:25

Not the catastrophe that is so frequently forecast, but a world where the pressing

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:41:31

problems that cutoff circumvented with human ingenuity and self-realization

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:41:37

and mobilized by collaborative effort, a world where humans decide the future

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:41:43

to be sustainable and transformed,

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:41:46

and a transformed one that successfully reconciles climate change, our needs

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:41:51

for food, energy, and all of life.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:41:57

That is what I imagine we can achieve.

Catherine: 00:42:00

Professor Nathan Bindoff.

Catherine: 00:42:03

thank you.

Catherine: 00:42:03

so much for your inspiration and your commitment to your science and research.

Catherine: 00:42:12

Thank you for sharing on your positive imprint.

nathanbindoff on 2020-02-04 at 14.47 (Track 2):

Speaker: 00:42:15

thank you Catherine..

Catherine: 00:42:16

To learn more about professor Nathan Bindoff and his research go

Catherine: 00:42:20

to university of Tasmania website, UTAS.edu.au and search button for Nathan

Catherine: 00:42:29

Bindoff, N a T H a N B I N D O F F.

Catherine: 00:42:34

You can read more letters from scientists and oceanographers

Catherine: 00:42:37

from isthishowyoufeel.com?

Catherine: 00:42:40

You can also write your own letter to earth by going to letterstoearth.com.

Catherine: 00:42:45

In two weeks, join members of the Matt Palmer band as they share music and their

Catherine: 00:42:50

climate change research from England.

Catherine: 00:42:54

Your positive imprint.